Abstract African wild dogs ( Lycaon pictus) are endangered, having disappeared from many areas where other large carnivore species have persisted. River Simulator 2012 16 Digit Serial Number. The relative vulnerability of this species has been attributed variously to its disproportionate exposure to anthropogenic threats, limitation by larger competing predators, and Allee effects caused by obligate cooperative breeding.

The natural recovery of a wild dog population living on private and community land in northern Kenya provided an opportunity to investigate these potential constraints on population growth. Within a decade the population increased from near-extinction to become the 6th largest in the world. Rates and causes of mortality, and reproductive rates, were similar on community lands, where people and livestock were abundant but competing predators suppressed, and on commercial ranches, where human and livestock densities were lower but competitors more abundant. Larger packs produced larger litters, indicating a component Allee effect. However, because pack size was unrelated to population size, growth of the population was not impeded at low densities; that is, no demographic Allee effect was detectable. These results show that, despite earlier concerns, wild dogs can achieve rapid population recovery, even in a human-dominated landscape.

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This recovery was probably facilitated by local pastoralist traditions, which combine vigilant herding of livestock with little or no hunting of wild prey. This success might be replicated in other areas where traditional pastoralism is still practiced. Most large carnivore species have experienced major declines and depend on conservation management for their persistence. The African wild dog ( Lycaon pictus) is one such species; formerly very widespread, it now occupies just 7% of its former geographic range (International Union for the Conservation of Nature/Species Survival Commission [IUCN/SSC] 2008, 2009). The endangered status of wild dogs is paradoxical, because they possess several life-history characteristics expected to promote population resiliency. They are highly fecund () and able to disperse long distances to colonize new areas ().

Related species with superficially similar traits, such as gray wolves ( Canis lupus) and coyotes ( Canis latrans), have been able to mount impressive population expansions (;; ), yet recoveries of wild dog populations rarely have been reported. Three suites of factors have been proposed as likely to hinder wild dog recovery. First, a number of anthropogenic factors have contributed to the decline of wild dogs and are expected to impede recovery of the species.

As habitat becomes fragmented, wild dogs are exposed increasingly to accidental snaring, killing in retaliation for predation on livestock and farmed game, road accidents, and domestic dog diseases (). The wide-ranging behavior of wild dogs increases their risk of encountering human activities and hence appears to elevate their vulnerability to local extinction ().

Second, there is evidence to suggest that wild dog populations are limited by interactions with larger carnivores (; ). Predation (mostly by lions [ Panthera leo] and spotted hyenas [ Crocuta crocuta]) is the most important cause of natural mortality in wild dogs (), and hyenas also compete for wild dog kills (). These interactions appear strong enough to suppress population size of wild dogs and promote extinction risk (; ); hence they also might be expected to hinder population recovery. Finally, it has been suggested that the capacity of wild dogs for population recovery might be limited intrinsically by their cooperative behavior (; ). Mtv Roadies 8 Yahaan Song Download. Larger packs experience a number of fitness benefits (), including more efficient hunting (; ) and improved pup production and survival, despite reproduction being restricted usually to 1 female in each pack (;; ). These positive effects of pack size on fitness—which represent a “component Allee effect” ()—have led to the suggestion that both survival and reproduction might be compromised below some critical pack size ().